AWT and the fall of matter into black hole

By classical physics matter during fall into black hole doesn't radiate, until the density of matter flux becomes so large, the mutual collision and friction of matter particles doesn't lead into lost of matter into accretion radiation even before the matter can reach event horizon. From AWT follows, part of matter will be always converted into accretion radiation, because matter is composed of nested density fluctuations of Aether and forces, which are keeping these density fluctuations together depends solely on the density gradients / space-time curvature at different levels of particle nesting. We can compare the dissolving of matter into accretion radiation to the dispersion of wet lumps of sand after immersion into watter. On air, the capillary forces are able to keep grains of sand together, whereas bellow water surface not.



By AWT the gravity field of black hole behaves like density gradient of Aether, which results into fast disintegration of matter even at the case, when matter falls very slowly. Because during accretion most of matter will evaporate into energy, the pressure of radiation keeps the residual particles away from gravity field or it can even blow them away at the polar axis of black hole, where the ratio of gravity field and electromagnetic field becomes highest (polar jet of black holes may be considered as an exaggerated case of gravitational brightening observable at the case of giant spinning stars). This effectively prohibits the formation of giant black hole by accretion mechanism, and we are forced to consider primordial origin of giant black holes at the heart of most galaxies. Only black hole merging ("brane collision") can increase the mass of black hole at the moment, when it was created already. The excessive matter will be emanated in the form of less or more widespread polar jet of naked singularity or quasar, after then. Occasionally part of accretion radiation may condense at the equatorial plane of black hole, thus forming an accretion disk, which becomes the source of galactic matter and flat shape of most mature galaxies. After then, a similar process repeats inside of galaxies at stellar and planetary scales (Saturn rings), just in correspondingly faster way .



From the above mechanism follows, we can expect nested structure levels of event horizons inside of black hole, during which the character of radiated energy changes from weak to electromagnetic force. Only the most compact portion of hadron matter will survive the fall into black hole (axions and neutrinos) and these particles can pass event horizons rather freely like tachyons. The rest of matter in the form of photons, gluons and vector bosons will dissolve into graviton foam forming the interior of black hole. This foam can be perceived as CMB / Hawking radiation from outside.



We can consider, the matter of particle dissolved may condense inside of whole volume of black hole, thus restoring original entropy/information contained within particle. Ocassionally it could even reapear in the finelly divided form of CMB inside of our portion of observable Universe. But we could never follow such process in its entirety, because we would evaporate into accretion radiation a well before we could ever approach an event horizon. Which makes this description a somewhat abstract thing, testable only by dispersion of gravitational waves and/or neutrinos at distance.

AWT and ultra-energetic cosmic rays

This post is an reaction to New Scientist article named "13 things that do not make sense", which was updated recently. Ultra-energetic cosmic rays (UHECR) are exceptional from two reasons:

1. They're most energetic spouts of energy known so far, i.e. of energy densities which becomes close to upper limit of GUT scale.
2. They're propagating over whole universe, i.e. at space-time distance scales close to lower limit of GUT scale.

These two properties enable us to observe 2nd order phenomena, which are not just violating the classical theories - but they're even violating some of their corrections. For example, while special relativity considers, light spreads in constant speed, the cosmic rays exhibits a dispersion on CMB field, which results into violation of Lorentz symmetry, because gamma ray photons spreads in lower speed, then the CMB ones. As the result, gamma rays are absorbed in CMB field at 40 MPsc distance scale, which manifests as so called the GZK limit, which protects terresterial life from gamma rays from nearby supernovae explosions. This dispersion can be even detected directly, because gamma ray flash separates from those formed by visible light during explosions of supernovas - compare the MAGIC observation, for example.

The above is valid just from moderate gamma ray flashes, generated in stellar implosion or collisions. UECRS, which are coming from very distant areas of Universe (fortunately) are formed mostly by collisions of galactic black holes (AGN) and as such they're propagating like bullets or solitons through cosmic space - which effectively means, both visible, both gamma ray portion of remote flash arrives to Earth at the single moment again. The photon pulse of UHECR is distorted and breaks up by its own gravity, condensing into one or more gravitationally localised objects, which are propagating through distant space as a single body without dispersion.

This behavior is essentially welcomed by some string theory proponents, because string theory is basically a particle theory, not a field theory, so it can describe nonlinear effects connected to particles by hidden dimensions concept - but it gets into troubles when explaining of nonlinear field phenomena, like Lorentz symmetry violation in vacuum (being Lorentz symmetry based theory). Various quantum gravity theories - the LQG theory in particular - are dual to string theories from certain perspective, so they become a more successful in description of nonlinear properties of vacuum. This is particularly because the quantum gravity theories are based on combination or general relativity and quantum mechanics, not just a special relativity and quantum mechanics, like string theories - so they can become a bit more general in this point. The soliton behavior of UHECR is explained by various mechanisms, like the axion–photon conversion or by gravitino-neutrino coupling.

By AWT the observation of UHECR can be explained by considering of three facts, which follows from AWT rather directly. The first two points explains, why existing mechanism of gamma ray formation may lead to more energetic flashes, then current theory predicts. The third point explains, why such energetic flashes doesn't suffer gradual dispersion, so we can observe them even over whole universe.

1. The collapse of neutron stars into black holes enables a substantial portion of matter to escape in form of energy
2. The black hole merging exhibits an hysteresis due the surface tension effects of space-time curvature, similar to merging of mercury droplets.
   
3. The short intensive flashes can propagate at long distance in non dispersive way, i.e. like solitons.

From AWT follows, every gradient manifest itself by mass/energy density, even the gradients of gravity field, which is source of spacetime curvature, which surrounds all massive bodies. This behavior leads to supersymmetric phenomena, which manifest itself as a dark matter clouds surrounding massive galaxies. At the case of black holes or large clusters of elementary particles (strangelets) the gradient of gravity field is especially pronounced and it has a character of surface tension of mercury droplets. It means, the merging of black holes isn't so smooth, as follows from unmodified equations of general relativity - black holes tends to form a relatively stable dense clusters, similar to strawberries. We can observe these structures from inside like foamy streaks of dark matter. The same surface tension effects of gravity field curvature are responsible for creation of tetraneutrons, or perhaps pentaquark or more large particle clusters, so called the strangelets during collider experiments.



Merging of black holes considers the formation of thin neck with negative curvature of space, which manifest itself by repulsing antigravity force. By classical theory the antigravity action results into increasing of rotational momentum, which slows down the coalescing of massive bodies into account of gravitational waves (the energy of transversal waves converts into longitudinal ones in process of symmetry breaking). At the moment, when surface tension is overcomed, the black hole coalesce under release of activation energy, which is released in form of longitudinal gravitational waves and transversal waves of gamma radiation.



Even the tiny mercury droplets (which are full of free electrons) exhibits a repulsive force at the distance, which prohibits them in merging due their surface tension. Thus is because their merging requires the formation of thin neck with strong negative curvature, which is always source of repulsive force in nature. At the moment, such droplet will become very close, a suddenly merging occurs, because the negative gradient will change into positive and the repulsive force will change into attractive one. It means, the process of ultra-dense massive bodies proceeds in much more vigorous way (i.e. atemporarily from outer perspective) under radiation of much more energy in both transversal (gamma ray), both longitudinal (i.e. gravity) waves, then relativity theory predicts.



This behavior is in fact the consequence of Aether theory driven by classical mechanics, by which the most pronounced gradient of gravity field remains at the surface, not at the center and it manifests by its own energy density (surface energy). Albeit the mercury droplet behavior of free electrons isn’t very pronounced in metals, it dictates the behavior of chemical bonds between atoms during chemical reactions and charge transfer in semiconductors, which can be interpreted by mercury droplet model in many cases.

AWT and worm holes

How the AWT can explain the so-called WMAP cold spot? At first, the CMB spot can be interpreted by many other ways, the model presented bellow is just one of many explanations possible, even in the scope of AWT itself. The WMAP cold spot is the coldest place of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) in the constellation of Eridanus, which is visible fully only from Southern hemisphere. The importance of CMB cold spot is given by the fact, it exhibits not only the lower CMB intensity/frequency, but the lower concentration of observable objects as well.

By famous astronomer Laura Mersini such "hole" can be interpreted as a manifestation of parallel Universe. Laura predicts, such cold spot should be observed even on another places. The Aether Wave Theory considers, the current Universe generation is sort of black hole-like artifact, which is sitting inside of another generation of Universe. In our universe the black holes are forming the binary systems (i.e. the quasar pair revolving each other) quite often, so it's possible, our Universe generation is part of such system, too. After then the so-called Einstein-Rosen bridge will be formed inbetween, which will appear as so-called wormhole from inside. From outside view the same stuff would appear like common vacuum, just with strong lensing effect.

Between pair of black holes the total reflection condition required for event horizon formation remains violated less or more totally, so that it’s possible to see from one universe/quasar into another one through “window”. The following pictures are illustrating such concept clearly, I hope.

From the above model follows, the black hole can be considered as a dense blobs of Aether and the event horizon is sort of total reflection phenomena. Inside of dense vacuum near black holes we can expect the stabilization of many highly energetic forms of matter, which are decomposing quickly under common conditions (including sterile electrons, magnetic monopoles, heavy quarks and strangelets, etc.).

The above model leads to a new interpretation of so called Einstein-Rosen bridge, which is generally considered as a sort of so-called the "worm hole". It illustrates clearly, such bridge forms a connection between pair of closely adjacent Universe generations. By AWT foam concept this doesn't means, both parts of universe must be separated completely. We can see on the scheme bellow, such bridge can connect only two distant "peninsulas" of our Universe generation.

 

Under more detailed view the black hole is behaving like giant quantum wave, which is undulating beneath the event horizon like elastic blob, so it can exchange their mass/energy in gravitation waves through hidden dimensions with its closest neighborhood. So that the nature of bridge can change with time accordingly and it can even disappear temporarily. This insight renders the closest Universe neighborhood as a rather dynamic systems with underlying inflation and corresponding baryogenesis or space/time ripping, instead.

AWT, inflation and brane cosmology

AWT reconciles the brane cosmology (so called ekpyrotic Universe) with Guth's concept of cosmic inflation and Big Bang cosmology by modeling of condensation of matter inside of dense star, collapsing by it's own gravity by assumption, the gravitational collapse has started from many places at the same moment. The spherical zones of condensing vacuum has intersect mutually under formation of foamy structure of metastable shock waves, similar to condensation of supercooled liquid or supersaturated solution:

As the result, observable matter has condensed both into sparse particle clouds, both into dense overheated droplets of metastable matter, so called quasars, sitting in the nodes of resulting foamy structure of dark matter. The finely divided matter has formed small galaxies and stellar clusters without central black holes by mechanism of gradual gravitational collapse, which doesn't differ significantly from contemporary mainstream cosmology. But the formation of large galaxies was completely different by AWT.

After releasing of pressure, quasars have started to evaporate their excessive matter into radiation, which has condensed partially near quasars, whenever the intensity of gravitational field has decreased bellow certain value. The quasars were surrounded by particles of matter and antimatter, which have exchanged their mass by radiation on behalf of observable matter. The resulting particles were formed by atom nuclei up to silicon, which recombined with electrons under formation of heavy clouds of dense dust, surrounding the active galactic nuclei. The particles of dust were kept at the safe distance by radiative pressure of central quasars inside it. The newly formed galaxies were of spherical shape and they were only slightly radiative because of strong light absorption by dust particles.

The central quasars were formed by "naked singularities", i.e. neutrino stars without event horizons. When the excessive mass of quasar has evaporated, the quasars were covered by event horizons with exception of polar jets (compare the black hole theory in previous post). This symmetry violation has given the flat shape and rotation to resulting galaxies, which were tossed like pizza dough. At the very end, the black holes rested at the centers of galaxies as a cold remnants of quasars with weak antimatter signal around it and the spherical shape of galaxies was restored gradually by tidal forces.

The dual AWT cosmology is based on understanding, the observable matter is metastable phase in contact with vacuum and it has tendency to evaporate at elevated temperature and/or gravity field intensity. Therefore the matter must be formed by another mechanism and the black holes can play an active role in it. In addition, a recent observation supports the above model by presence of giant black holes and sparsely distributed, but well developed galaxies composed of heavy elements even at the most distant/old parts of Universe. This model considers upper limit of giant black holes, above which the matter is radiated, not swallowed by black holes. This upper limit follows from modified theory of gravity, the quantum gravity in particular, as predicted by AWT.

Remark 1: This idea was originally presented before three years and it was recently disputed in Nature News and NewScientist article, so it belongs into testable predictions of AWT, because we can observe remnants of this process both by stars formation near black hole inside of our gallaxy, both by galaxies formation near distant qausars.

Remark 2: This idea has relevance to so called shock wave cosmology of black holes, as proposed by J. Smoller and B. Temple [PNAS, 2002]. I hope, these connections will make whole stuff more interesting for the rest of cosmologists.

Remark 3: While cosmologists are aware of the fact, the brane collisions should left some traces on CMB background, it seems, nobody tried to connect the foamy structure of dark matter with is concept of penetrating branes - supposedly because nobody has considered their material nature and because ekpyrotic cosmology is illustrated quite abstract and meaningless way.
Remark 4: Anonymous barkster user has noted a simmilarity of black hole jets with jets formed by collision of water (mem)branes. This connection has really some relevance here, as by AWT black hole jets are temporal artifacts too and it can be interpreted as a product of spontaneous symmetry breaking of event horizon.

AWT and black holes theory

By AWT the black holes are the last stage of gravitational collapse, being dense stars (i.e. collapsars) formed mostly by top quarks at the surface, by neutrinos and axions at the center. Their gravitational field can be interpreted simply by gradient of mass/energy density of vacuum, so that the event horizon of black holes is the result of so called total reflection phenomena. This is because the surface of every massive body in 3D increases with square root of its mass, whereas its volume increases with cube-root, so that the surface gradient increases gradually, until it fulfills the total reflection condition.

This rule has its own exceptions at the case of very large black holes, where the energy density of surface gradient cannot be neglected anymore. The surface energy density of space-time curvature balances the mass density of black hole itself and it leads to the violation of total reflection condition again. Such giant black holes will change into so called quasar or fuzzball (or "naked singularity" by older models, although such stars needn't may not contain any daughter singularity at all), which is quite radiative. At the case or rotating black holes the total reflection is violated at the poles of quasar first, so that the black holes of the average size are exhibiting polar jets, which can be considered as a exaggerated case of so called gravity brightening, which can be observed at the case of giant, fast rotating stars (like Regulus at the left picture bellow). It means, the polar jets are insintric property of large black holes by AWT, not just the result of collimation of accretion radiation and the shining black hole is losing its mass by such way.

The total reflection mechanism enables us to explain, why black hole cannot reflect the light, the wavelengths of which is higher then the effective diameter of event horizon. The evanescent waves escaping the event horizon can serve as an analogy to quantum tunneling of photons by classical Hawking mechanism. In addition, every "scratching" of event horizon by impact of heavy object will lead to violation of total reflection and the release of giant flashes of gamma radiation from interior of black hole, for example during black hole collisions.

From AWT follows, the internal surface of event horizon will be quite reflective for short waves, which has even its own testable implications (a model of cosmic hall of mirrors). The extreme red shift will complicate the search for reflections and dodecahedral space topology, though. It may still be possible, the faint structures observable in far infrared spectrum are the result of reflections from internal walls of our universe. In this connection the analogy between inner and outer perspective of black holes and the archetypes of hell and heavens may be interesting. Are we descendants of creatures, who passed through event horizon in their recent history? Nonetheless, AWT model of black holes appears quite predicative, although here are always many alternative ways, how to interpret such observations.

For example, at the case, some black holes will get close mutually, so called Einstein-Rosen bridge (a "worm hole") may be formed, which connects the parallel universes less or more partially. This mechanism was proposed recently for explanation of so called CMB cold spot in constellation of Eridanus - although it seems, this spot is formed rather by large cloud of dust, shielding the CMB.